home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Various ways to browse <GUIDE3 BROWSE> PC-Hypertext systems
- ===========================================================
-
- Good hypertext systems are characterized by these three principles:
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ (1) Information is organized by idea content │
- │ │
- │ (2) Desired information is obtained with a minimum of keystrokes │
- │ │
- │ (3) Each use of the system confirms or expands the user's understanding │
- │ of the knowledge (relationships in information) in the system │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- While goals (1) and (2) largely depend on the abilities of the builder of
- hypertext systems, goal (3) -- increasing the user's understanding -- is
- satisfied in the six (6) ways described below.
-
-
- ACQUIRING INFORMATION -- BEGINNING USERS
- ========================================
-
- Beginning users of a body of knowledge have no understanding of the
- subject, language, or classification schemes. For beginning users, the
- appropriate delivery of information would be: <FILE0 EXAMPLE>
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ Present information in a short four-paragraph linear format. The │
- │ first paragraph covers the scope and limits of the knowledge in │
- │ the hypertext system. The remaining three paragraphs cover the │
- │ major classifications of knowledge in the system. │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- ACQUIRING INFORMATION -- STAGE ONE USERS
- ========================================
-
- The commands in a hypertext system should be no more complicated than
- dialing a phone. Consequently, once these commands are understood, users
- should be given information retrieval tasks to complete. While these tasks
- may be real (I need the answer to these questions) or fictitious (get me a
- left-handed monkey wrench), the purpose remains the same:
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ The user should use the system to satisfy an immediate need for │
- │ information. From a series of choices the arrow keys select │
- │ paths that lead to the information. │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- At this stage, each knowledge-retrieval process is similar to driving from your
- house to a new job. After passing through familiar intersections and perhaps
- a few wrong turns, you nevertheless reach the company parking lot which
- confirms your understanding of the subject.
-
-
- ACQUIRING INFORMATION -- GENERALIZING
- =====================================
-
- Once users understand the process, encourage them to think about the system.
-
- ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ Stage two users become aware of the purpose of choice. At each branch │
- │ in the system, the choices should be comprehended as parallel (good set │
- │ division) and complete (good end points). In such systems, even without │
- │ traversing many paths, the users begin to understand the structure of │
- │ other information contained in the system. │
- └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- At this stage, the users are beginning to generalize about the subject area.
- Consistent parallelism and completeness in each of the branching options
- greatly simplifies the user's task of guessing at the relationships
- (generalizing) behind the branches not explored in the hypertext system.
-
-
- ACQUIRING INFORMATION -- EXPLORING
- ==================================
-
- After selecting a particular hypertext path several times, users become
- familiar with the choices at each level. Now the user should explore the
- system using whatever method is desired (i.e., systematic, interest,
- wandering).
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ In exploration, users try other paths to unexpected new │
- │ communities as well as shortcuts, freeways, and alternate paths to │
- │ information. Exploration helps users to quickly expand their │
- │ understanding of the subject as they acquire both new language and │
- │ see new interrelationships. │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
-
- ACQUIRING INFORMATION -- COMMUNITIES OF KNOWLEDGE
- =================================================
-
- Sharp-eyed users soon discover that the information in a hypertext system
- is organized into two communities -- networks that serve only a particular
- subject area, and ASCII files that are closely interrelated.
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ Knowledge has natural compaction points. Instead of driving from │
- │ your house to each information retrieval job, begin your search │
- │ for information from the nearest relevant community. It's much │
- │ faster. │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- Browsing by communities of knowledge is the first of several steps that bypass
- most of the decision-tree browsing of hypertext knowledge.
-
-
- ACQUIRING INFORMATION -- LANGUAGE BROWSING
- ===========================================
-
- Once you master a subject, indexes of the language are sufficient to find the
- desired information. The REF command presents alternative ways for experts to
- rapidly find what they want.
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ Using language lists (indexes) is similar to using maps containing │
- │ street names as a guide. Good hypertext systems include instantly │
- │ available indexes of all key words, phrases, and synonyms. These │
- │ indexes lead directly to the desired information. │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- In one sense, mastery of the language is a good measure of expertise.
- <FILE55 EXPERTISE> Knowing this, some users first use the REF system as a
- glossary, complete with real examples of the usage of terminology.
-
-
- ACQUIRING INFORMATION -- SCRIPTURE
- ==================================
-
- At the highest level of understanding information, some users display almost
- theological expertise in their abilities to cite chapter and verse of relevant
- knowledge. <FILE21 EXPERTISE>
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ If you know a subject area so well that you know the file, node, │
- │ and cursor position to find desired information or to directly │
- │ display it, congratulations . . . you've mastered the subject. │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- While such mastery in most subject areas is not the goal of hypertext, it
- occurs often enough to rate a mention. As stated before, the goal of
- hypertext is to rapidly display desired information with a minimum of
- keystrokes.
-
- However, if your hypertext system works so well that you've mastered the
- knowledge in the subject area, so much the better.
-
- References: ---------------------------------------------------
- How to browse ASCII files <FILE0A>
- How to browse network files <FILE0B>
- How to browse a knowledge system <GUIDE3>
- Various ways to browse PC-Hypertext systems <FILE56>
-
- Neil Larson 1/14/88 FILE56
- 44 Rincon Rd., Kensington, CA 94707
- Copyright MaxThink 1988 -- Call 415-428-0104 for permission to reprint